| ᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠠᠯ᠂ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ︽ᠲᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠳᠠᠬᠢᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠠᠵᠣ ᠰᠣᠨᠣᠰᠣᠬᠰᠠᠠ ᠲᠠᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠠᠯ︾ ᠬᠡᠵᠣ | ᠬᠡᠯᠠᠭᠦ ᠴᠣ᠋ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠴᠢᠯᠠᠬᠴᠢ ᠮᠠᠷᠺᠦ ᠫᠣᠯᠣ ︵MarcoPolo᠂ 1254～1324 ᠤᠠ︶᠂ ᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠸᠧᠨᠧᠼᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠣᠭᠠᠴᠢᠠ ᠨᠢᠺᠷᠣ᠋ · ᠫᠣᠯᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠦᠪᠠᠭᠦᠠ᠃ ᠲᠠᠷᠠ 1271 ᠤᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠠ ᠤ | ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠠ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠢᠬ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠴᠢᠬᠡ ᠨᠢᠺᠷᠣ᠋ ᠪᠠ ᠠᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠮᠠᠹᠢᠣ᠋ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠣ ᠡᠯᠴᠢᠠ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠮᠳᠠᠳᠣ ᠤᠯᠣᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠢᠷᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | 1275 ᠤᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠱᠠᠩᠳᠣ ︵ᠤᠳᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠪᠤᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠤᠣᠯ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠣᠭᠤᠠ ᠭᠦᠬᠡ | ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠠ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠦᠠ︶ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠠᠵᠣ ᠶᠣᠸᠠᠠ ᠤᠯᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠱᠢᠽᠣ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠠ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠯᠠᠬᠠᠵᠣ᠂ ᠰᠠᠭᠦᠯᠠᠷ ᠶᠣᠸᠠᠠ | ᠤᠯᠣᠰ ᠲᠤ 17 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠠᠠ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠵᠣ᠂ ᠲᠣᠮᠳᠠᠳᠣ ᠤᠯᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠯᠠ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠠ ᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠴᠢᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | 1295 ᠤᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠸᠧᠨᠧᠼᠢᠶᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | 1296 ᠤᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠧᠨᠣᠸᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠠ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠮᠳᠠ ᠤᠯᠵᠠᠯᠠᠬᠳᠠᠵᠣ᠂ ᠬᠢᠨᠳᠠᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ | ᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠴᠢᠯᠠᠬᠰᠠᠠ ᠦᠩᠬᠡᠷᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠵᠣ᠂ ᠬᠢᠨᠳᠠᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠰᠠᠠ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠ ᠷᠦᠰᠲ᠋ᠢᠴᠢᠶᠠᠨᠣ᠋ ︵ | Rusticiano︶ ᠹᠷᠠᠠᠼᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠠᠵᠣ᠂ 1298 ᠤᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠠᠠ ᠲᠠᠭᠤᠰᠴᠣ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠡᠨᠠ ᠭᠦ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠠ ᠲᠣᠮᠳᠠᠳᠣ ᠤᠯᠣᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠰᠠᠠ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠶᠣᠸᠠᠠ ᠤᠯᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠣᠰ ᠲᠦᠷᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠲᠦᠷᠢᠮ᠂ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠭᠠᠠ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ᠂ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠠᠩᠭᠢ᠂ ᠦᠷᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠵᠠᠮ᠂ ᠠᠵᠣ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠠᠯ | ᠂ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠠ ᠰᠢᠳᠣᠯᠬᠡ᠂ ᠵᠠᠩ ᠦᠢᠯᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠠ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠠᠵᠣ᠂ ᠴᠦᠮ ᠦᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠠᠵᠣ᠂ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠦᠩᠬᠡᠷᠠᠭᠦᠯᠣᠭ᠍ᠰᠠᠠ ᠪᠤᠳᠠᠳᠣ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠶᠠᠷᠣᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠳᠠᠳᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ | ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠡᠨᠠ ᠭᠦ ᠲᠠᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠦᠷᠣᠨᠠᠳᠠᠬᠢᠠ ᠲᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠳᠠᠬᠢᠠ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠨᠠᠪᠳᠠᠷᠠᠯᠬᠡ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠠ | ᠶᠣᠸᠠᠠ ᠤᠯᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠣᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠠᠬᠳᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠤᠯᠣᠰᠢ ᠦᠬᠡᠢ ᠦᠨᠠᠳᠣ ᠬᠤᠪᠤᠷ ᠲᠠᠣᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ | ᠪᠤᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠤᠣᠯ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠬᠡᠨᠳᠠ ᠬᠡᠬᠡᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠡᠪᠠᠴᠣ ᠤᠯᠠᠠ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠯᠣᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠪᠳᠠᠷ ᠦᠷᠬᠡᠠ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ | ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠠᠬᠳᠠᠵᠣ᠂ ᠤᠳᠣ ᠦᠯᠠᠳᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠢ ᠡᠯᠠ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠠᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠯᠣᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠪᠳᠠᠷ | 140 ᠭᠠᠷᠣᠢ ᠪᠤᠢ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠠ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠ ᠢᠰᠫᠡᠨᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠠᠶᠢᠳᠣ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠠ ᠤ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠬᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ | ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠢ ᠽᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠ ︵Zelada︶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠯᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠠ ᠬᠡᠯᠠᠠ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠯᠣᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠪᠳᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠠᠠ ᠤ | ᠪᠦᠬᠡᠣᠠ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠠ ᠪᠦᠳᠣᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠤᠷᠢᠣᠠ ᠬᠤᠵᠢᠣᠠ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ᠂ ᠤᠷᠣᠰ ᠵᠠᠷᠬᠡ ᠬᠡᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠣᠬᠳᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠹᠷᠠᠠᠼᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠡᠣᠲ᠋ᠢᠷ ︵M.G.Pauthier︶᠂ ᠫᠧᠯᠯᠢᠣᠲ · ᠫᠣᠯ᠂ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠦᠯᠧ ︵ | H.Yule︶ ᠡᠨᠠ ᠭᠦ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠠᠪᠯᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷᠳᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠭᠤᠭᠤᠯᠣᠯᠳᠠ ᠬᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠣᠮᠳᠠᠳᠣ | ᠤᠯᠣᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠣ ᠬᠢᠳᠠᠣᠠ ᠬᠡᠯᠠᠠ ᠤ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠳᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠠ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠ | ᠹᠸᠡᠭ ᠴᠸᠡᠭ ᠵᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠠ ︵1935 ᠤᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠱᠠᠩ ᠡᠣ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠠᠯ︶ ᠤ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠣᠬᠰᠠᠠ ᠲᠠᠪᠳᠠᠷ | ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠬ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠷᠬᠡᠠ ᠲᠠᠯᠬᠡᠷᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠳᠠᠷ ᠴᠣ᠋ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ |